Physics-Based Metaphors for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: An Analytical Framework with Evidence from Iran

Abstract

The effectiveness of science, technology and innovation (STI) policies increasingly depends on the ability to address complexity, uncertainty, and nonlinear interactions within national innovation systems. However, many STI policy frameworks continue to rely on linear and control-oriented assumptions that fail to explain persistent gaps between policy inputs and innovation outcomes, particularly in developing countries. This paper proposes an analytical framework that uses metaphors derived from physics to examine structural and dynamic dimensions of STI policy systems. Concepts from thermodynamics, classical mechanics, quantum physics, network physics, and cosmology are employed as interpretive tools to analyze policy inertia, resource dissipation, uncertainty, and systemic connectivity. The framework is illustrated through the case of Iran, drawing on official policy documents and secondary evidence. The analysis shows that high institutional inertia, fragmented governance, weak network integration, and neglect of intangible capacities have constrained the effectiveness of STI policies despite sustained strategic attention. The paper concludes that improving STI policy performance requires focusing on systemic conditions and interactions rather than increasing policy inputs alone.