Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Research
The Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Research (JIMRES) having E-ISSN: 1936-6264 and P-ISSN: 1945-3019 is a prestigious peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to advancing scholarly dialogue and promoting innovative research across a wide array of academic disciplines. Recognized for its commitment to quality and integrity, JIMRES serves as a platform for the dissemination of original research in fields such as engineering, social sciences, applied sciences, technology, management, and more. Its multidisciplinary focus fosters collaboration and bridges knowledge gaps, making it a valuable resource for both academics and practitioners. JIMRES is indexed in UGC CARE Group II and was previously listed in Scopus (Source ID: 19300157108), reflecting its credibility and the quality of its published works. The journal’s rigorous double-blind peer-review process ensures that only high-quality, impactful research is featured. This meticulous evaluation framework underscores the journal’s dedication to upholding scholarly standards while supporting authors in refining their work to achieve global impact. Scope and Coverage: The Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Research (JIMRES) welcomes high-quality original research, review articles, case studies, and technical reports from a broad spectrum of academic and applied disciplines. The journal emphasizes interdisciplinary integration and encourages contributions that bridge theoretical and practical knowledge across domains. Area of Coverage: Engineering and Technology Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Physical, Chemical, and Applied Sciences Psychology, Social Sciences, and Arts Management and Commerce English Literature and Linguistic Studies Humanities and Higher Education Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary [1] Journal Ethics: JIMRES follows a rigorous double-blind peer review process, ensuring that both authors and reviewers remain anonymous. Each manuscript is evaluated based on originality, technical quality, clarity, and relevance to the journal’s scope. [2] Open Access: The journal operates under an open-access model, allowing unrestricted access to all published articles. This ensures maximum visibility, accessibility, and citation potential for authors worldwide. [3] COPE Publication Ethics: JIMRES adheres strictly to international publication ethics standards, including: Prevention of plagiarism and academic misconduct; Proper citation and acknowledgment of sources; Transparency in research and reporting; and All submissions are screened using plagiarism detection tools. [4] Author Responsibilities: Authors must ensure that: The manuscript is original and not under consideration elsewhere; All co-authors have approved the submission; Data and findings are accurately reported. [5] Article Processing Charges (APC): A nominal APC is applicable to cover editorial processing, peer review management, and digital archiving. Partial waivers may be offered to support researchers with financial constraints. [6] Copyright and License: Authors retain copyright of their work, while granting the journal the right to publish. Articles are typically distributed under an appropriate open-access license. [7] Indexing and Archiving: JIMRES ensures long-term digital preservation and visibility through recognized indexing platforms and repositories.
Scientific Journals International and IIVP
Vertex Antimagic Edge Slither Labeling of Grid Graphs
The grids are one of the most intriguing concepts that have wider area of applications in the field of science and technology. They are easy to construct and comprehend. The grids play a very important role specially in the networks and circuits. In this paper, the admissibility of vertex antimagic edge slither labeling, a special case of antimagic labeling to the grid graph G(1, n) is proved.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sreenivasan Raghavan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Mathematics Education: A Bibliometric Analysis
Artificial Intelligence is a technological tool that is emerging as an effective tool for teaching and learning. It offers personalized assistance and can determine individual difficulties in learning. Due to its overwhelming popularity nowadays, many researchers have integrated AI into various fields, one of which is mathematics. To fill the gap in the lack of Filipino researchers that have employed a bibliometric analysis in this field, the researcher explored the academic field of AI integration in mathematics education. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on the publications indexed on the Scopus database, covering the period from January 2015 to June 2025. A total of 513 documents were identified and analyzed using VOSviewer. The United States and China are the top contributors to this field based on the number of documents affiliated with these countries. VOSviewer network visualization highlighted the terms "artificial intelligence" and "mathematics education" as the central themes connected to subtopics such as intelligent tutoring systems, generative AI, STEM, and ChatGPT.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ian Jhun Arais, Dr. Dhealyn Decee V. Sabit, Gilbert B. Guita, Marlou P. Camano, Jeconi Joice T. Paler, Carmee Lyn B. Paylangco (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Effects of Teacher Reward Systems on Performance in Basic Education: Evidence From Sub-Saharan Africa
This article examines how reward systems affect the performance of primary school teachers in Ghana, focusing on both financial and non-financial incentives. The quality of education is directly tied to teacher quality, yet few African nations have the financial resources to offer incentive packages that keep teachers satisfied. This study addresses an urgent need for evidence-informed strategies to recruit and retain teachers. A concurrent explanatory mixed-methods design was used, with three hundred and sixty-seven (367) teachers selected from public and private schools. Questionnaires were administered, and the data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in SmartPLS 3, supplemented by SPSS statistical tests. Convenience sampling was used to select participants. The results indicate that both financial (e.g., bonuses or merit pay) and non-financial (e.g., recognition and professional development opportunities) rewards are statistically associated with teacher motivation, a key predictor of teacher performance. Although private schools offered a wider variety of rewards, the public-school sector struggled to overcome resource constraints and bureaucratic barriers that would have ensured incentives had a greater impact on change. To address these issues, we believe that the legislator and the school director should establish a comprehensive reward package and system, adjust management fees and the non-reward system, remove administrative barriers, ensure fairness, and implement a differentiated reward system. This study provides empirical evidence from Africa that a locally adapted incentive system can effectively stimulate teacher motivation and improve learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Israel Kofi Nyarko, Evelyn Esenam Kissiedu, Vivian Akoto, Felix Phanuel Adzah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tensions and Conflicts in the Socio-land Arenas of the South of Bougouni and Yanfolila, in Mali
Cohabitation between natives of Bougouni and Yanfolila and non-natives is increasingly deteriorating due to a combination of factors. This article examines the causes of conflicts among the various actors in the socio-land arenas of Bougouni and Yanfolila. Quantitative data were collected from 240 randomly selected heads of agricultural production units (UPA) and 27 semi-structured interviews with resource people. The results reveal several causes of conflict, including pressure on agricultural, pastoral, and forest lands; the establishment of monetized royalties for non-natives; the massive influx of farmers from the Koutiala region; the return of Malians repatriated from the Ivory Coast; and the emergence of cashew cultivation. Indeed, the management of this migratory flow generates conflicts between natives and hosts, as well as within the native collective.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Mohamadine Asseydou (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of Saving Behavior Among Filipino University Students: A Psychological and Social Perspective
The study investigates the psychological and social determinants of saving behavior among university students. The PLS-SEM examines how financial literacy, parental influence, peer impact, and self-control affect students' saving behavior. The observed significant variance suggests that the model effectively accounts for students' saving behavior. The study reveals that financial literacy had the greatest impact on savings behavior, demonstrating the importance of financial knowledge and awareness. Parental Influence positively and significantly affects saving behavior, suggesting the relevance of family socialization and practice modeling in teaching the children to save. Because Peer Influence is insignificant, the saving decision is likely family-driven rather than societal. Unexpectedly, self-control negatively affects saving behavior, challenging the conventional assumption and interplay of discipline and action. These findings support Katona’s Theory and Life-Cycle Hypothesis that psychological and social factors affect student’s early financial expectations and goals. Current study adds to youth financial behavior literature, offering evidence-based advice on raising financially responsible children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jericho Rey Claros, Joaquin Angelo Gaza, Zunia Anne Villaverde, Imelda T. Angeles (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Ulcer Protective Effects of Methanol Stem Bark Extract and Fractions of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Burseraceae) on Wistar Rats
In Nigeria, native medicinal plants like Canarium schweinfurthii are used to treat peptic ulcer disease, yet their safety and efficacy are undetermined. The study evaluated methanol extract and Canarium Schweinfurthii fractions on Wistar rats for ulcer protection. Methanol stem bark extract and fractions of Canarium Schweinfurthii underwent phytochemical analysis. Acute toxicity was assessed using a modified Lorke’s method on healthy Wistar rats (200–240 g). The study involved four test groups: crude extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions, with low (200 mg/kg) and high (400 mg/kg) doses given to groups of five rats (n=5). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests. Ulcer-protective effects of extracts and fractions were assessed using ethanol-induced and aspirin-induced ulcer models at varying doses. Additionally, gastrointestinal motility was analysed through charcoal transit tests to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the extracts. Data were examined with SPSS 27. Tannins, steroids, and alkaloids were absent from phytochemical screening. The crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction contained several phenols, flavonoids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The extract's LD50 exceeded 5000 mg/kg, indicating safety. The most antioxidant fraction was ethyl acetate, followed by butanol. Treatment had no significant (p>0.05) pH alterations. Ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions provided moderate ulcer protection (45.45%) in ethanol-induced models, but not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In aspirin-induced model, butanol fraction (400 mg/kg) showed effects comparable to omeprazole regarding gastric acid volume, total acidity, ulcer scores, and ulcer protection percentage. Omeprazole achieved an ulcer protection percentage of 85.7%, while the butanol (400 mg/kg) fraction provided 74.1%, indicating the protective efficacy of the plant's stem bark fraction. Conclusion. Our findings underscore the safety, abundant phytochemical composition, and ulcer-protective properties of the butanol fraction of C. schweinfurthii stem bark, justifying its local use as an alternative in the management of acid-induced ulcers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chinwe I. Ikeako, Chizoba C. Ozomma, Kenechukwu L. Ikeako, Chima E. Orji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Curative antimalarial effects of combined aqueous leaf extracts of Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, and Artemisia annua on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei.
The study evaluated the antimalarial effects of combined aqueous extracts of Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, and Artemisia annua on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Fresh leaves of C. papaya, C. citratus, and A. annua were authenticated and pulverised. Aqueous extracts of each plant were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for phytochemicals. Acute toxicity of the extracts was also assessed using Lorke’s method. Forty-eight mice were randomised into 8 groups of 6 mice each (n=6) and treated orally with extracts for seven days. The next day, blood samples were analysed for parasitemia counts and biochemical parameters. The mice’s body weight, temperature, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also assessed. Results show phytochemicals were present in the extracts in varying amounts. The combined extract’s LD50 was 3,807.89 mg/kg, with no mortality at tested doses. The extracts showed no significant (p > 0.05) changes in liver function parameters. No significant differences (p > 0.05) in MDA and SOD levels in treated versus control groups overall. Moreover, all extracts had a dose-dependent statistically significant (p < 0.05) percentage reduction of plasmodium in this order: 380.79 mg/kg of C. citratus (63.48%), 190.40 mg/kg of A. annua (61.40%), 380.79 mg/kg of C. papaya (60.88%), and 190.40 mg/kg of combined extract (58.27%). The study established that combined aqueous extracts of the three plants have significant antimalarial activities and negligible toxicities, supporting their application in herbal medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mbanugo J. Sopuluchukwu, Kingsley O. Onwuegbusi, Chizoba C. Ozomma, Chima E. Orji, Earnest O. Erhirhie, Ikemefuna C. Uzochukwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Traversing Parenthood and Academia: The Resiliency of Student Mothers in Philippine Higher Education
This study explored the experiences of student-mothers at Cebu Technological University – Argao Campus during the academic year 2024-2025, focusing on their resilience in balancing academic pursuits with motherhood. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the research began with a survey of 43 student-mothers to determine their demographic profiles (age, marital status, financial status, living arrangements) and assess their satisfaction across Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Findings reveal that student-mothers are predominantly in their early twenties, financially dependent, and often single or partnered, with most living with relatives. These conditions significantly influence their capacity to manage academic obligations while raising their children. Following the quantitative phase, 15 participants were purposively selected for in-depth interviews to gain a richer understanding of their challenges and coping strategies. Thematic analysis of the interview data revealed key challenges such as role conflict, financial hardship, and emotional exhaustion. However, participants also demonstrated remarkable resilience, often attributed to strong familial and social support networks and intrinsic motivation stemming from their children and personal aspirations. The study's findings were synthesized into "Dasig sa Kagabhion," a creative novelette developed using the Cognitive Process Theory of Writing, designed to offer a compelling narrative representation of the student-mother experience in higher education.
Student-Mother, Dual Role, Lived Experiences, Novelette, Resiliency
Copyright (c) 2026 Baclayon, Kathlyn L., Custodio, Kate Xhandra B, Langbid, Floriane B (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Is Internet Addiction Among Adolescents a Cause of their Declining Mental Health: Insights from a Review
Mental disorders at any given point are present in about 10% of the adult population, with the maximum being amongst young adults. Mental health problems make adolescents engage in different kinds of behaviour; some resort to substance abuse, while a few over-indulge in social platforms like the internet. Aim: This review aims to synthesize Indian research examining the association between internet addiction and mental health outcomes among adolescents, with a focus on depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness. Results: The social withdrawal caused by excessive screen time can exacerbate existing feelings of loneliness, leading to a vicious cycle where each condition fuels the other.
Copyright (c) 2026 Neha Kapoor Suri, Dr. Neetu Purohit (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Load Independent Constant Current and Constant Voltage Modes for Static Wireless Charging System Using Reconfigurable Resonant Topology
Wireless charging for electric vehicles is gaining attention as an alternative to plug-in systems because it removes physical connectors and simplifies day-to-day charging. Although the concept is promising, maintaining stable power transfer in a stationary wireless setup is not straightforward. Changes in the alignment between coils, fluctuations in coupling strength, and the natural variation in battery characteristics often lead to inconsistent charging performance. In this work, a static EV wireless charging system of 60 V, 2 KW is developed using an LCC-S resonant network that is tuned to operate at two carefully selected frequencies. At these operating points, the system naturally behaves like a current source or a voltage source, allowing the charger to move from CC to CV mode without relying on additional conversion stages. Both frequencies are designed to maintain nearly zero phase angle comply with the SAE J2954 frequency standards which helps the inverter operate under soft-switching conditions and reduces unnecessary reactive power. Overall, the proposed approach offers an efficient and compact wireless charging solution capable of delivering reliable CC/CV charging, even when coupling or load conditions change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. J. Suganthi, Santhya A (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Translating Molecules into Messages: Analysing Public Trust and Media Representation of Natural Drug Research
Natural drug research based on medicinal plants and traditional knowledge has gained increasing scientific and public attention in India. Advances in molecular biology and pharmacology have helped validate several plant-derived compounds that are widely used in traditional healthcare systems. However, the way this scientific progress is communicated to the public remains uneven. Media coverage of natural drugs often highlights cultural heritage, spirituality, or “miracle cure” narratives, while detailed scientific evidence and research limitations receive limited attention. Such patterns of communication can strongly influence how people understand and trust scientific research. This review examines how natural drug research is represented in Indian media and how these representations shape public trust in science. Using examples such as arjunolic acid from Terminalia arjuna studied for cardiovascular health, bioactive compounds from Garcinia morella associated with gut health and blood pressure regulation, and curcumin from Curcuma longa known for its anti-inflammatory properties, the paper highlights the gap between laboratory-based evidence and public understanding. Drawing on Framing Theory and existing research on trust in science, the review synthesises literature from biomedical sciences, ethnopharmacology, and mass communication studies. The analysis suggests that culturally familiar and emotionally engaging narratives may increase public interest, but they can also lead to misunderstanding, unrealistic expectations, and scepticism when scientific processes are not clearly explained. The paper argues for stronger collaboration between scientists and mass communication professionals to ensure accurate, transparent, and responsible communication of natural drug research. Improving science communication can help preserve traditional knowledge, enhance scientific literacy, and strengthen public trust in biomedical research in India.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lima Hazarika, Alpana Choudhury (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating User Satisfaction in Public Libraries of Nadia District: A Comprehensive Investigative Study
Public libraries serve as vital community centres for educational support, cultural enrichment, and equitable access to information. This study evaluates user satisfaction with public libraries in the Nadia district of West Bengal. Using survey research across selected public libraries, the study assesses users’ demographic patterns, usage behaviour, satisfaction levels, and perceptions toward the resources and services of public libraries in Nadia district. The study highlights the indispensable role of public libraries in fostering learning and socio-economic progress in Nadia district while emphasizing the need for infrastructural improvement, enhanced resource provision, and inclusive service strategies to further elevate user satisfaction and community impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 Himan Chowdhury, Dr. Shahina Sultana Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Marital Longevity: A Qualitative Study of Long-Term Marriage
This study examines the lived experiences of long-married couples in Southern Cebu, Philippines those who have been together for more than thirty years. It focuses on the elements that help sustain enduring relationships. Drawing on Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love and the Socio-Ecological Model, the study employs a qualitative, transcendental phenomenological approach to illuminate the emotional, relational, and contextual aspects that are often overlooked in existing literature. Through in-depth interviews with ten thriving couples, the study found that family milestones such as anniversaries or children’s achievements tend to strengthen emotional closeness. At the same time, challenges such as financial struggles, family conflicts, and experiences of loss have helped couples develop resilience and a sense of shared growth. The study found that lasting marriages grow from simple yet steady practices talking openly, showing respect, holding on to shared beliefs, and keeping faith at the center of the relationship. As the years pass, couples who learn to read each other’s emotions and work toward the same goals often grow even closer. The stories gathered in Roots and Rings: Tales of Decades Love offer lessons that counselors, family groups, and young couples may find helpful as they build their own lasting unions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rhea Mariz L. Labrador, Romelyn E. Cagas, Ma. Cristilina A. Montañez, Anesito L. Cutillas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using Theatre for Development to Teach Social Media’s Impact on Nigeria’s Justice System: A Case Study at COOU Law Faculty
Social media have continued to impact directly on various aspects of human endeavours, the law profession inclusive. This study therefore investigates the pedagogical effectiveness of stage performances in enhancing law students' comprehension of the influence of social media on the justice system. The study addressed the challenge of engaging students with complex, contemporary issues that often lack interactive teaching approaches. Adopting the constructivist learning theory which emphasizes active engagement and experiential learning, the study employed qualitative methodology which involved analysis of case study production while data were collected through participant observation and post-production feedback from Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Findings show that stage performances can significantly improve law students' critical understanding, foster active engagement, and facilitate critical discussions on social media's role in contemporary justice processes in Nigeria while bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical understanding. By highlighting the potential of performing arts towards enrichment of legal education, the study contributes to the growing body of literature on the role of arts-based approaches in legal education while offering insight into the potential of TFD as an interdisciplinary cum multidisciplinary pedagogical tool.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebuka E. Ilukwe, Judith A. Ume (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Soil to Society: Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils and its Implications for Human Health - A Critical Review
Heavy metal poisoning of soil presents serious dangers to the environment and public health on a global scale. Anthropogenic activities including mining, industrialization, the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and improper waste management have all contributed to the rise, in agricultural soils levels of heavy metals. Heavy metal concentrations in the soil, including lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic, have increased as a result of these activities. which, when present in excess of allowable limits, present serious toxicological hazards to plant life and human health. Following their introduction into the soil, heavy metals can be easily absorbed by plants, which allows them to enter the food chain and impact the metabolic processes of both humans and animals that eat the polluted plants. Even while the soil naturally contains tiny levels of heavy metals, concentrations above safe limits can have harmful effects, such as interfering with enzyme processes, damaging cellular structures, and with vital biological functions. According to studies, children who grow up in urban and industrial settings are especially susceptible to heavy metal exposure, which can lead to developmental delays, cognitive impairments, and other health problems. Furthermore, chronic illnesses like cancer, renal failure, and cardiovascular issues can result from prolonged exposure to these metals. Therefore, resolving this environmental issue is essential to maintaining ecological balance, protecting public health, and advancing sustainable development. This article highlights the origins, bioavailability, and soil accumulation of heavy metals while offering a thorough summary of the toxicological impacts of these metals on human health. It draws attention to the dangers that metals including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury pose to human health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pawanjot Kaur Jyoti, Dr. Charan Kamal Sekhon, Monika Airi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Using Plectranthus amboinicus Leaf Extract
The aim of this study is to synthesize the nickel nanoparticles of P. amboinicus, to identify them by spectroscopic techniques. After removal of the solvent from each extract by reduced pressure, the crude extracts were yielded. Methanolic extract was used for synthesis of nickel nanoparticles (s-NiONPs). The extract dissolved in distilled water was treated with nickel oxide solution to produce the s-NiONPs. The extensive spectroscopic study enabled the identification of synthesized s-NiONPs. The slight differences between extract and NiONPs in FTIR spectrum proved the formation of s-NiONPs. In that, some functional group such as hydroxyl in the extract was oxidized while reduction of nickel ions. The average particle size of s-NiONPs was measured as 71.6 nm by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Elemental analysis displayed the nickel percentage to be 66.12 %. X-ray diffraction analysis presented the maximum absorption of s-NiONPs at 486 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed that the crystal size of NiO nanoparticles (the value at 33.5 nm) were crystalline phase formation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saraswathi S, M. Ayyappan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Masculinity in Banu Mushtaq’s Heart Lamp Selected Stories
The present paper entitled “Masculinity in Banu Mustaq’s Heart Lamp, selected stories” is a study on the masculinity and femininity in the patriarchal Indian society. Heart Lamp selected stories is a collection of twelve short stories which questions the masculinity and the institute of marriage in the male chauvinist world. It is the recipient of the most coveted International Booker Prize of 2025. Banu Mushtaq is a feminist writer in every aspect of her writing. Her experience as a lawyer and journalist has helped her to endorse women’s right through her writing. Though originally it is written in Kannada Deepa Bhasti has done justice in retaining the purity of her writing. Deepa Bhasti is the winner of the English Pen Translates Award 2024. Heart Lamp throws light on all the aspects of women suffering in marriage like domestic violence, unwanted pregnancies, discrimination, inequality, rejection, disrespect, harassment, trauma, lack of right to their body, body shaming and assertion. It is also about the husband and wife relationship, their commitment, love-hate relationship, domination of husbands, docile and sacrificing wives, lack of caring and understanding among the couples. Finally, all the women in the stories embrace motherhood by rejecting the master-slave relation of husband and wife.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.Kavya Basavanna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Leo Tolstoy on Mikhail Nuaima: A Literary Discussion
Mikhail Nuaima, From his early years was drawn to the "inner" realm of individuals who repress natural and sensory experiences. Consequently, his initial significant work focused completely on issues of perspective. Many of his concepts coincide with Tolstoy's writings. Nuaima views humanity as the divine principle. His comprehension of truth via self-awareness aligns with the ideas presented by Tolstoy in his essay collection on life which addresses the concept of the fundamental nature of a joyful human life. The impact of Leo Tolstoy’s philosophical perspective, particularly his belief that spiritual life is more important than material needs, along with his emphasis on self-improvement and love, is evident in the Arab world. Tolstoy frequently referenced the philosophers of the ancient East in his writings and showed interest in Eastern people. This study will demonstrate how Tolstoy greatly influenced Nuaima in shaping his worldview.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Syed Abdullah Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic Factors of Agro-Based Entrepreneurship for Rural Economic Development in Senapati District, Manipur, India
Agro-based entrepreneurship development in rural areas has immense opportunities and empowers rural economic development. However, rural enterprise development remains very inefficient and is hindered by several challenges and difficulties relating to economic, social, political, and geographical factors. Thus, the paper is framed to explore the various entrepreneurial factors or motives associated with entrepreneurship development among agro-based entrepreneurs in the Senapati district of Manipur. The total population was 79 enterprises, out of which a sample of 50 units was selected for the study through a purposive homogeneous sampling technique. A Descriptive Statistical tool is used for comprehending the data. The study adopts a factor analysis method to elucidate the data, using the Cronbach Alpha test, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO), and the Bartlett test of sphericity through STATA software. The study revealed that the entrepreneurial factor or motive of entrepreneurs in the Senapati district is highly inclined towards the ten factors that have a high perception. This factor includes nearness to home place, own ideas, nearness to market, good transport facilities, economic necessity, nearness to raw material, to contribute to the community's welfare, to secure employment, unemployment factors, and desire to improve quality of life. Moreover, it reduces to seven broader influencing factors, i.e., Economic factors, Ambition, Infrastructure factors, social factors, social environment factors, psychological factors, and Location factors, which are important for entrepreneurship development. The study findings could help policymakers promote a better entrepreneurial environment for entrepreneurs in the Senapati district of Manipur, India.
Copyright (c) 2025 H. Asii Doubi, Dr. M. Bobo Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Self-Help Groups on Rural Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Mokokchung District, Nagaland, India
Self Help Groups (SHGs) in Nagaland have emerged as a significant vehicle for uplifting women, playing crucial roles in overcoming barriers such as poverty, lack of employment opportunities and gender disparities. The expectation that women should remain subservient to their parents and later to their husbands is a deeply ingrained social norm especially in rural areas. SHGs help women break free from such cultural boundaries and beliefs. This study was conducted in Mokokchung district, Nagaland. Purposive sampling method was used to select 180 women respondents. A marked improvement was observed in the average annual income before and after joining SHG, while the majority (52.78 %) formerly earned between Rs. 40,000 and Rs. 60,000, after joining SHGs 43.89 % of these respondents moved into the income range of Rs. 1,20,000 to Rs. 1,40,000. The increase in their income not only enhanced their self-esteem but also conferred social recognition among women in their community which served as an inspiration to others. Women also engage in a variety of income generating activities, where their work align with their skill set or comfort levels.
Copyright (c) 2025 Imtisangla Jamir, Dr. Aomatsung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biodiversity Conservation of Forests: The Contribution of Indigenous Communities
Excessive exploitation of the planet's resources has led to rapid environmental degradation, reinforcing the need for biodiversity to become a central aspect of public policy. Indigenous communities’ contributions in safeguarding biodiversity have received growing recognition amidst increasing biodiversity loss. Human activities such as agricultural encroachment, illegal logging and deforestation, have put Mau Forest, in Kenya, under chronic jeopardy yet it is an important water catchment area. This is a study of how Ogiek indigenous people's traditional knowledge and creativity plays an instrumental role in conservation of Mau Forest biodiversity. The study used a cross-sectional design and integrated both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. A total of 235 members of Ogiek community were selected by a statistical formula, and 13 key informants were selected using purposive sampling. The results show a statistically significant positive relationship between the indigenous community's contributions and biodiversity conservation, with the Ogiek’s indigenous ecological practices exerting a significant influence on the health of the Mau Forest ecosystem The regression analysis conducted to assess the relationship between Ogiek practices and biodiversity conservation shows that all independent variables, including Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), Shifting Cultivation, Cultural Practices, Oral Literature, and Apiculture, have a statistically significant positive influence on the dependent variable, biodiversity conservation. Therefore, it appears that Ogiek practices as a whole play a role in maintaining and enhancing biodiversity in the Mau Forest Complex. The data had a highly significant F-statistic (934.741, p < 0.001) and an R-squared value of 0.953, indicating that the model can explain a substantial proportion of variation in biodiversity, concluding that while Ogiek traditional ingenious practices are of little value when contrasted with modern conservation strategies, there is a need to integrate them in modern conservation strategies for long term biodiversity conservation of the Mau Forest. It suggests a collaborative approach, involving Kenyan government, conservation organizations, and the Ogiek community, to evolve conservation policies inclusive of indigenous knowledge and contribute to forest protection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lenah Chelangat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Insights Of Indigenous Knowledge Systems on Resilience and Risk Mitigation of Climate Change: Examining Climate Action Policies
The paper purposed to explore the benefits of incorporating indigenous knowledge systems on climate governance structures and green policy initiatives. Climate change is the uttermost exigent matter forming a global agenda in the recent decades. The severe effects of climate change across the world necessitates inevitable deliberations on adaptation and mitigation. Consequently, climate regulation systems reflect the dedication of the state in promoting adaptation, resilience and reducing the effects of global warming across all spheres. Effective Climate action plans are gauged by the extent of competency in handling the multiple demands, aspirations, and contexts associated with climate change. Due to the limitation of adaptation and mitigation approaches grounded on technoscience, indigenous knowledge systems are considered a valuable remedy. Therefore, from the formulation stage of climate action policies to the reporting stage, it is vital to acknowledge and incorporate indigenous knowledge systems to guarantee its utilization. The study draws upon a systematic literature review of 135 peer-reviewed articles published over the last 16 years to examine the trend and correlation of the variables. Data was analysed and conclusions were drawn using discourse content analysis. The paper highlighted that indigenous mitigation and adaptation mechanisms in building tenacity in confronting climate change are generally recognized although countries have not utilized them significantly. Notably, acknowledgement and the use of indigenous knowledge systems fosters resilience building amidst climate change. Further, it suggests integration of indigenous knowledge systems in climate change legal instruments for enhanced mitigation and adaptation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lenah Chelangat, Ajitha S (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Sustainability and Constraints in Organic Ginger Farming: A Case Study of Thayong, Manipur
The study investigates the sustainable agricultural methods, obstacles encountered by organic farmers, and the potential growth of organic ginger farming in the Thayong area of Manipur. In Thayong, it has been identified that there are 150 ginger farmers growing two varieties of ginger: local ginger and Nadia ginger. These ginger crops are also interplanted with pineapples. To gather insights from the ginger farmers, both interviews and observational methods were utilized. The study highlights several challenges faced by the farmers, including pest and fungal issues, the high cost of organic fertilizers, and deteriorating soil fertility due to Jhum or shifting cultivation. Despite these challenges, the demand for organic ginger is consistently rising, presenting an opportunity for increased production and export. This research recommends that the relevant departments and government agencies offer targeted assistance by providing subsidies for fertilizers and pesticides, conducting regular monitoring of organic ginger farmers to address pest and fungal issues, and critically, expanding land allocations for organic ginger farming. Such measures could boost opportunities in both local and international markets for organic ginger. The dynamics of organic ginger farming in Thayong could be further enhanced by establishing a reliable market channel. Furthermore, the method of cultivating organic ginger in Thayong represents a commendable effort towards sustainable agricultural practices and a healthier environment. Most importantly, the research aims to elevate the standard of organic ginger farming in the state.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajkumari Girija Devi, Padmabati Khundrakpam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilization of Library Resources and Services among the Faculty Members Vellalar College for Women (Autonomous) in Erode Tamil Nadu
This study examines the utilisation of library resources and services among faculty members at Vellalar College for Women (Autonomous), Erode, Tamil Nadu. The college library serves as a central academic support system, offering a wide range of print and digital resources to meet the teaching, learning, and research needs of its faculty. The study explores the frequency of library usage, preferred resources, satisfaction levels, and challenges faced by faculty members. Data was gathered through with a structured questionnaire distributed to faculty across various departments. Findings reveal that while traditional resources such as textbooks and journals remain vital, there is growing engagement with e-resources and digital databases. The study also highlights the status for continuous cognizance programs and training to maximize the effective use of available resources. Recommendations are provided to enhance access and user satisfaction, ensuring the library continues to play a pivotal role in academic advancement.
Library Utilization, Faculty Members, E-Resources, Library Services, Academic Support, Vellalar College, Tamil Nadu.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahadevan B, Dhachanamoorthi N, Jeshaa Dharshini K (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intergenerational Relationships in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake
This paper explores the complexities of intergenerational relationships in immigrant families through a critical reading of Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake. The novel presents the emotional, cultural, and psychological tensions that emerge between first-generation immigrants and their American-born children. Central to the narrative are themes such as identity crisis, cultural dislocation, generational divide, diasporic dilemma, and the evolving concept of home. While Ashoke and Ashima, as first-generation Bengali immigrants, struggle to adapt to life in the United States while preserving their cultural identity, their children, Gogol and Sonia, navigate the challenges of assimilation and identity formation within American society. Gogol’s journey, in particular, reflects the internal conflict faced by second-generation immigrants torn between inherited traditions and the desire for social and cultural belonging in a new land. His rejection and later reconciliation with his name symbolize his broader struggle with identity and belonging. The novel highlights how generational misunderstandings, cultural memory, and personal reinvention shape immigrant family dynamics. Ultimately, The Namesake illustrates that the notion of “home” is not fixed but rather a fluid and evolving idea shaped by both memory and lived experience. This study underscores how intergenerational relationships within immigrant families embody the broader negotiation between tradition and transformation, continuity and change, and displacement and belonging.
Copyright (c) 2025 K. Jayalakshmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis the Samusocial Organisation's Actions for the Social Inclusion and Development of Street Children in Mali
According to data taken from Samusocial's annual report, 2,437 Children and Young People Living on the Streets, including 1,154 boys, 1,139 girls and young mothers, and 144 babies under the age of 5, were cared for in 2024. Despite the various national and international conventions and laws signed and ratified by the Malian government, the streets of major cities are increasingly home to children and young people. The right to education, to belong to a family and healthy food have become luxuries for these homeless people. Day and night, children are often seen roaming the streets and public spaces in search of food, clothing and shelter. Various reasons push them to live on the streets, far from their families. They are exposed to all kinds of violence and exploitation because they are left to fend for themselves in highly precarious conditions. These forms of violence include the exploitation for work without compensation, sexual abuse and corporal punishment of some by others. This situation contributes to the continuous rise in urban insecurity and juvenile delinquency. This study provides an analysis of the initiatives undertaken by Samusocial Mali (the emergency social service) aimed at promoting the social inclusion of the street children.
Copyright (c) 2025 Madeleine Dembele, Jagdish Joshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hybrid Polymer/Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Application of Combating Antimicrobial Resistance Materials
Polyaniline-NiO (PANI-NiO) nanocomposites reinforced with NiO nanoparticles in a polyaniline matrix were successfully manufactured using a simple perfunctory mixing procedure. PANI-NiO nanocomposites were used to describe the intermediates and final products of the nanocomposites using spectroscopic techniques and antimicrobial studies. In addition to studying the chemical structure, optical properties, crystalline nature, heat conductivity, surface morphology, and antibacterial agents, this work provides a straightforward and effective way to control PANI-NiO nanocomposites. The synthesized PANI's conductive emeraldine base form was validated by UV-Vis and FTIR data, the creation of PANI-NiO nanocomposites and the electrical interaction between PANI and NiO was confirmed. X-ray diffraction studies have demonstrated that the PANI matrix and NiO nanoparticles can be successfully incorporated to create hybrid nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs demonstrated that PANI was effectively enlarged by NiO treatment and that the final nanocomposite had completely exfoliated NiO powders. The thermal stability of the complex was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, which demonstrated that the polymer nanocomposites increased the thermal stability over pure organic polymers. When the antibacterial activities of the molecules were investigated, PANI-NiO was found to be a highly effective antibacterial agent. The intercalation of PANI into the NiO nanoparticles is thought to be the reason for the increase in antibacterial agents in the PANI-NiO nanocomposites. The above systematic investigation reveals that the NiO nanoparticles in the PANI matrix have a phenomenal effect on determining the important and antibacterial properties of the nanocomposites.
Copyright (c) 2025 P. Suresh, N. Dhachanamoorthi, M. Parthibavarman, Sathish Sugumaran, Subha Krishna Rao, K. Oviya, Jeshaa Dharshini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Farmers’ Organization in Agricultural Development: A Case Study of Khangabok Village in Manipur
Agriculture plays a vital role in sustaining the rural economy of Manipur, where most households rely on smallholder and subsistence farming. However, challenges such as limited access to modern inputs, poor market linkages, and financial constraints hinder agricultural growth. This study investigates the role of farmers’ organizations in fostering agricultural development in Khangabok village, Thoubal district, Manipur. Using an ex-post facto research design, data were collected through surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions with 50 farmers (30 members and 20 non-members) and office bearers of local organizations. The findings reveal that farmers’ organizations comprising cooperative societies, registered associations, and farmers’ clubs significantly enhance agricultural productivity by ensuring timely access to quality inputs, mobilizing resources, facilitating irrigation, and organizing training on modern farming practices. Nearly 90% of respondents acknowledged benefits such as subsidized inputs, improved yields, and access to government schemes. Moreover, these organizations foster collective bargaining, strengthen linkages with agricultural institutions, and promote sustainable practices like crop rotation and organic farming. Beyond agricultural gains, they also contribute to improved socio-economic conditions, including higher household income, better access to education and health, and stronger community resilience. Despite these positive outcomes, challenges remain in terms of inclusivity, sustainable financing, and infrastructural support. The study underscores the pivotal role of farmers’ organizations in advancing rural development in resource-constrained regions like Manipur and highlights the need for policy interventions to strengthen and scale up such models.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saikhom Sanahanba Singh, Bidya Kangjam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Redefining Solidarity: Humanism and the Role of Community in Richard Rorty’s Pragmatist Vision
This paper explores Richard Rorty’s vision of humanism and community through the lens of his pragmatist philosophy. Rorty challenges the traditional foundations of ethics, rejecting fixed human nature and objective truth. Instead, he presents a humanism rooted in language, culture, and shared stories. Central to Rorty’s thought is the idea of “sentimental education,” where literature and narratives foster empathy and moral sensitivity. The paper argues that solidarity, rather than objectivity, serves as the foundation for building communities. Drawing from thinkers like Višňovský, Koopman, and Shusterman, the discussion shows how Rorty’s ideas offer a flexible, inclusive, and hopeful path for democracy and ethical life. Critics such as McCarthy and White express concern about the limits of Rorty’s framework, especially in confronting injustice and sustaining robust political action. However, the paper concludes that Rorty's emphasis on kindness, conversation, and hope remains a valuable resource for addressing moral and political challenges today. Rorty’s post-philosophical vision allows communities to adapt, evolve, and work toward reducing cruelty through shared language and imagination, rather than through metaphysical or universal doctrines.
Pragmatism, Humanism, Solidarity, Sentimental Education, Ethics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mr. Nipul Kumar Nath , Dr. Bhaskar Bhattacharya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Outlook on Tospoviruses Affecting Important Crop Plants in Iran
Tospoviruses are among the most damaging plant viruses worldwide. Over recent decades, the increasing global trade of plants and plant products, climate changes and types of agricultural practices in different regions have resulted in the spread of both the tospoviruses and their vector’s thrips species. This brief review further emphasized the status on the distribution and presence of important Orthotospoviruses affecting major crop plants in different growing regions in Iran. This data may bring more attentions to this important genus of viruses and will help in devising efficient control strategies to curb the tospovirus diseases and the thrips vectors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nooh Shahraeen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0